Uk Lifestyle Magazines And The Representation Of Masculinity Media Essay

Uk life-style Magazines And The Representation Of Masculinity Media EssayThis thesis travel toks to enquire the to a lower placestanding of maleness as a verbal expression of identity. This hold explores ontogenesis identities, and how this whitethorn re modern to wider constructions of maleness in the media, with particular reference to modus vivendi mags aimed at troopspower.MethodologiesThis Study focuses on For Him Magazine k right offn now as FHM, one(a) of the leading work forces cartridge holder publishers that is published in 27 countries.The methodology that entrust be used to carry off this case depart be a content analysis.Through a content analysis, 6 issues of FHM in from the eld 2005 through to 2010 exclusivelyow be run acrossd, in order to examine if there has been any shifts in the portrait of workforce or what is meant by the enclosure masculinity.Bibliography from form twoBen substantially Bethan, (2003) Masculinity and handss life -style magazines chapter 6 agree by Wiley-Blackwell)Bignell, Jonathan (1997), Media Semiotics, an introduction. Manchester Manchester University PressEdwards Tim, (2006) Cultures of Masculinity men masculinity and feminism, chapter 1 (R come inledge)capital of Mississippi Peter, Stevenson Nick, Brooks Kate (2001) making finger impression of mens magazines chapter four (Wiley-Blackwell).Galician Mary-Lou, L. Merskin Debra (2007) Critical thinking well-nigh waken, love and ro homoce in mass media media chapter triad (Routledge)Gaunlett David, (2002) Media, sexual urge, and identity an introduction, Mens magazines and upstart male identities chapter eight (Routledge)Gunter Barrie (2002) Media sex what be the issues? chapter 6 (Published by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates)Itzin Catherine, Newman Janet (1995) Gender, gloss and organizational change putting theory into practice chapter fourteen (Routledge)Litosseliti Lia, Sunderland Jane (2002) Gender, identity and discourse analy sis. (John Benjamins Publishing Company)The Construction of the Male Identity in the UK Mens Lifestyle Magazine FHM(DRAFT) INTRODUCTION THESIS OUTLINEThis thesis seeks to explore how masculinity is represented and constructed within the pages of FHM (UK) magazine of the modernistic male identity. Through a content analysis of the trademarking of masculinity in the UKs leading mans magazine, the examine explores the trends and the word-painting of men but a standardised the types of products advertise in mens magazines. It will examine the rationale of FHM in constructing the portrayals of men and masculinity and the usage that FHM plays in shaping attitudes virtually masculinity.The central investigate question is Exactly what ideas does FHM pass or convey well-nigh masculinity? more than than particularisedally, in the magazines construction of masculinity, what is emphasised and what is ignored?Considering gender and sexuality to explore and ad go under the stereotypi c deputations and attitudes that argon likely to be reinforced to its readers.The foremost chapter of this thesis demonstrates a detailed depiction of the UKs FHM position and role in the mens lifestyle magazine trade, from its inception from For Him Magazine through its incredible development to its contemporary brand expansions. It to a fault discusses FHMs influence on the mens magazine market as well as on large-mindeder industry concerns related to the young male market, peculiarly advertising. Essentially, this chapter offers a rationale for why FHM is an fundamental site for investigation.Chapter 1The mens magazine market is a moderately saucy phenomenon. Mens magazines today see extend sites of significant inquiry that offer alternative views on the representation of the modern man. Men apply purchased and read magazines in the past, though previously, the margin mens magazine referred to publications structured around masculine themes to designed to interest men , much(prenominal) as cars, fishing, DIY and pornography. How constantly, as sociologist Tim Edwards (1997) nones, It is, to put it simply, that they werent called mens magazines and this is what constitutes the key difference the self- intended targeting of men as consumers of magazines designed to interest men if not necessarily to be approximately men (p.72, emphasis in the original). Since contemporary mens magazines atomic number 18 embedded in the rise of a new lifestyle genre, they ar considered mens lifestyle titles as opposed to simply mens interest magazines (Edwards, 2006).1 The increment of the mens magazine market in the UK, which saw an invasion of lifestyle titles in the 1980s, commencing with the launch of Arena in 1986.The FocusThe aim of this line of business is to investigate and analyse the unalike representations of masculinity in the modern day 21st century. The endeavour of this is to answer the seek question, which is has the explanation of masculin ity and or the portrayal of men changed everywhere time, in particular in print advertisements in mens lifestyle magazine FHM (For Him Magazine). Although this may sound like a normal research case chew over, genuinely little academic research has been performed in the field of mens magazines and even little on the construction and representation of masculinity. This athletic field therefore aims to firstly, classify the term masculinity, to conclude a definition, of what is means to be a men?, which is often time used to ascribed to males in todays ships company. This report will also explore sex roles and common stereotypes that men are regularly creation labelled with. This study will further examine if the characteristic that what once associated with traditional masculinity is dying out, or if there is more than one masculine identity. Thirdly, this study will examine the presentation of male images and products in advertising exploring the emerging trends of mens i mages where the pre runly effeminate female-orientated markets of body enhancements, cosmetics, and personal grooming products are being aimed at male consumers.Through a context analysis, this study addresses male images in advertisements in For Him Magazine (FHM) from 2005 to 2010. Examining the changing trends in the portrayal of men and the types of products advertised in mens magazines. Furthermore, this study will argue, that masculinity makes more sense in relation to individual performances of identity than it does in terms of any step of gender or sexuality, a notion which is often disregarded in some(prenominal) popular and academic discourses about gender identity.Chapter 1 entrance personal mannerOver the last few decades the role of men in British society has changed considerably. Traditional notions of masculine images, such as males being the sole breadwinner or provider has come under attack, undermining traditional images of the masculine identity. Males read y also faced a changing Image in advertising. Traditionally, females were the ones that stick out been associated with sex in advertising, but today males are also being used to connote or imply sexual situations in advertisements. fresh day advertisements feature provocative images of men and women in reveal outfits and postures selling a grade of products, most of which feed no association with sex. there has too been an increase in product advertisements in mens magazine, most popular out of these is beaut and accessions. Suggesting that men today, have demonstrable a conscious self-awareness of the focusing they look. Men in are taking great pride in their appearing, replacing beer or health supplements and abs tonners. Men now have a keen eye for dash, and indulge in grooming/beauty products- this identity has today been coined as metrosexual. Adapting the characteristics of men, this new man has blurred the specialization of masculinity. Traditional masculinity refe rred to heterosexual men, interesting in extreme sports, cars and DIY. This pass the question is the term masculinity (means to be macho) changing? Or is there more then one masculine identity?Metrosexuality was first developed by Mark Simpson in his book Male Impersonators. According to Simpson (2003), metrosexuality is a new, narcissistic, self-conscious kind of masculinity produced by film, advertising, and glossy magazines to replace traditional repressed, unmoisturised, unreflexive, unmediated masculinity.1However, this term has become wide used in the join States media and in the advertising industry in the late 1990s, referring to straight men who posses feminine traits and care about fashion, grooming, cleaning and using beauty products (Mereditch and come up 2003).2However, precise little academic research follows on the meaning of metrosexuality for masculinity. This study examines modern masculinity and metrosexuality of men in the 21st century mens lifestyle magazi nes, within the UK, drawing particular attention FHM.However, there are contain studies on masculinity and mens images (Windholz, 1999/2000 gates 2001 Tincknell and Chambers, 2002)3. Although media across the globe are widely discussing the newly emerged phenomenon- metrosexuality- there is almost no academic research on this phenomenon. Since metrosexuality and masculinity are so about related to each former(a), this study aims to explore both issues within mens lifestyle magazines.Chapter 2 Definitions of MasculinityWhilst, we have identified the of import attributes that can be grouped under the term traditional masculinity, we still do not have an recognized definition of what masculinity itself might be. Craig contests that masculinity is what a culture expects of its men (19923). This explanation suggests that masculinity exists only in a cultural context, as well-nighthing that stems from traditions, codes and in particular expectations commonly held by society. Similarl y, Mosses definition of masculinity as the government agency men assert what they believe to be their man (19963)4insinuates that masculinity is widely understood as a way of behaving in accordance with ones sex- putd characteristics, every as a manifestation of ones sexual identity, or by the way of a responsibility towards the general order provided by understanding of gender. Gilmore (1990 1)5defines manhood as the ratified way of being an adult as the approved way of being an adult male in any disposed society. Within the cultures, where value is attracted to a notion of manhood, Gilmore further claims that there is three particular criterias that are repeatedly associated with the masculine role, firstly, to impregnate women and secondly, to protect dependents from hazard (1990 223).Berger, Wallis and Watson (1995) states that masculinity, the asymmetrical pendant to more critically investigated femininity, is a vexed term, diversely inflected, multiply defined, not limit ed to straight onwards descriptions of maleness.6Masculinity takes a variety of forms for men and it differs according to sexuality, race, class and age. It is noticed the society and media hold very distinct stereotypes towards different ethnic and race groups. For Caucasians, the most common dominate ideology of masculinity represents patterns of strength, toughness, coolness, attractiveness, heterosexuality and whiteness (OShaughnessy 2003).7However, these ideals are very backbreaking for men to attain in reality. With the increased attention given to mens bodies and the revivification of their imagery with the media, men nowadays pay more attention to the media and melt down to improve their physical appearance (Wienke, 1998 Shilling, 1993).8These effects are further pushed forward with the new ideal metrosexual, which simply suggests that men who possess feminine traits are ideal. As men are now facing so some(prenominal) identities, so what makes a man? A closer investig ation is presented next.Chapter 3 Gender and MasculinityIn general, the characteristics associated with men are grouped under the term traditional masculinity by many writers.9Three of its main character traits are strength, command and ambition- all useful in acquire ahead, and more often than not viewed in a positive light. tear down the less positive attributes associated with traditional masculinity such as competitiveness, invasion and stubbornness maintain an air of respectability in that they remain diagnostic of power and control sooner than weakness. Theorists in the field of gender studies have sought to understand how these masculine traits came to be associated with the male role first and foremost, and why they continue to permeate society and popular discourse as common sense notions of gender roles.Consequently, gender as a sentiment is open to much greater debate than sex, and it is clear that masculinity, as one aspect of gender identity, can take on an entire orbital cavity of potential meanings. Mort observes that we are not dealing with masculinity, but with a series of masculinities (1988 195 his emphasis).10As well as recognizing that class, race and sexual orientation, and several other incidentors all enter the equation at the level of identity, the term masculinities refers to the fact that no two peoples performance of so-called masculine characteristics will ever be exactly the same. As Horrocks states, there is clearly not a homogenous monolithic identity possessed by all men in all contexts (19943).11Byne suggests that, as human beings, we are motivated to crap an identity for ourselves that allows us to make sense of our position in the ostensible world. In order to be understandable, this must accord with the already vivacious conventions, as we perceive them no matter how we seek to position ourselves in relation to these, we still accept that they exist. Conversely, men must strive to go through an extremely demand ing stereotype of the male role as provider, achiever and conqueror- a task that is, in its self unattainable, and which causes men much self-doubt and anguish. This, Kaufman conclude, also inspires fear for it means not being a man, which means, in a society confusing gender and sex, not being a malelosing power and ungluing sanctioned building blocks of our personalities (p.149)12Together, these two behaviours are more annihilative than either on its own, combining to both cause the problem and make it impossible to escape from.Chapter 4 Masculinity in the United region British MenAccording to Benynon (2002), there are three ideal versions of contemporary masculinities in the United Kingdom.The old man is relatively bored in fashion, is married and holding down a regular job, and stiff somewhat sexist and homophobic in outlook.The new man is narcissistic, imperfect and ambivalent in his sexuality, yuppie- influenced and generally anti-sexist. When he first emerged he was vi ewed diversely as the same as the same old wolf, but in designer clothing, a revolutionary in his relations with women and his willingness to display the excited side of his nature, and a marketing probability, for new visual codes.The new swearword is defensive about fashion, ambivalent in his attitude towards women (he has pornographic notions of them rather than relationship with them) and he believes life should be one huge downpour and drug induced festival. (Beynon, 2002, p.118)13Among the above three ideals, the new man seems to be the most popular ideal in the United Kingdom. These ideals can be illustrated by the most influential British celebrity football player, David Beckham. David Beckham defines a new trend of men in the United Kingdom. In a recent study reported in The Observer (Campbell 2003), One David Beckham Celebrity, and the Soccerati, co- sourceed by Andrew Parker of Warwick University and Ellis Cashmore of Staffordshire University, highlights how Beckham successfully combines a mixture of traditional and modern values to relieve oneself an inspirational healthy role model. The study praises Beckhams different public personae including the bailiwick ambassador, aggressive competitor, loving husband, doting father, fashion model and gay icon. This study further concludes that Beckhams massive popularity could influence young males, encourage greater security deposit and acceptance of a new concept of masculinity. As suggested by the author of the study, Beckham has helped create a complex new concept of masculinity by defying expectations in eye sockets such as what clothes men should wear or how men should style their hair. Indeed, Beckham fits all of the contemporary masculinity ideals he is a combination of new man (nurturer and compassionate partner), new lad (football legend, cutting-edge father, conspicuous consumer) and old man(loyal dedicated, bread- winning) (Cambell, 2003).14Chapter 5 Gender Representation in adResear ch has revealed that advertising does not exist in a inanity but instead is very much interrelated with the existing affable relationships within society (Duffy, 1994).15Goldman (1992)16suggested that we tend to take for granted the deep brotherly assumptions embedded within advertisements as we are so used to the quantity of advertisements around us and the routine ways in which we read them. More importantly, we do not see or recognise advertising as a sphere of ideology. In a consumer society, advertising acts as a magnet, luring individuals into embracing a consumption culture that is part of an economic and social institution that helps to perpetuate what Goldman called the supremacy of commodity relations. Interactions between individuals are now greatly being defined by the material possession of commodities.The consumer society is primarily about contentment and pleasure, but there are broad complications beyond the realm of Contentment and pleasure. One of the most imp ortant implications is the area of gender identity. Sex-role stereotype, like any other stereotype, allows us to make sense of the world that we live in. Gender, of course, is one of the most important forms of systematised behaviour in all societies, and every culture has accepted routine forms for communicating gender identity (Leiss, Kline Jhally, 1990, p. 215)17. Our everyday environment is articulated mostly by what we see in the media and the task of advertising is crucial. The target audiences self-identification with the gender images is a basic requirement for an advertisements effectiveness, and the meanings encoded in the images are persuasive cultural symbols for societal behaviour. The early research into the portrayal of men in sex roles in advertisements was carried out in the 1970s by many researchers and drew many conclusions men were portrayed as more self-governing than women. They were portrayed in different occupations in comparison to women who were usually s hown as housewives, cleaning, cooking and caring for children. particular(prenominal) products such as Alcohol and cigarettes were most frequently portrayed by men, while women were mostly show in advertisements for household products (Dominick Rauch, 1972 Schneider Schneider, 1979 McArthur Resko, 1975 Courtney Whipple, 1974). According to Fejes (1992), the results from these researchers carried out in the early 1970s, did not fluctuate much from those conducted in the late 70s and early 80s.18In the last few decades, the role of men in the UK has changed considerably there has been an increasing visibility of the male body in the media and popular culture. Men are getting increased exposure not just of their bodies, but of their lifestyles, consumption preferences and emotional needs. Men are step by step gaining on women in the display of their bodies on billboards, fashion photography and magazines. Moreover, it is not just the number of images of men that has increased it is the emergence of a new representation in popular culture where male bodies are depicted in an idealized and erotized manner (Moore 1988 Simpson, 1994).19Furthermore, in the consumer markets around the world-the predominantly female-oriented market like cosmetics, personal grooming and even body enhancements are attracting beholding more male consumers. Through a content analysis of advertisements over six years in a magazine for men, this paper studies the trends in the representation of images, products and sexual portrayal of men.Chapter 6 Men in announceFejes (1992) noted that Skelly Lundstrom (1981)20conducted a study on print advertisements analysing a substance of 660 magazine ads from 1959, 1969 and 1979 to establish whether there was any change in the portrayal of men in print advertisements over the two decades. They found that there was a small and gradual movement towards more non-sexist portrayal of men. Fejes (1992) also noted that Lysonskis study (1985)21showed similar results. Kervin (1990) too carried out a research study on the ads, focussing particularly on Esquire magazine. He examined whether the representation of men and the definition of masculinity had changed or remained over time.The study closely examined at ads from Esquire magazine for 50 years from the 1930s to the 1980s, and detect that specific stereotypical representations of masculinity still remained after 50 years. What is fascinating, though, is her suggestion that these stereotypes exist because they complete certain needs and concerns of the men in society relating to their sense of powerlessness as individuals. She suggested that these stereotypes may be there to offer some form of compensation, in the form of admiration from others and possession of products for the men to define themselves adequately in society. She also discovered other new constructions of masculinity emerging over the years. The form of the male body is beginning to be portrayed as an erotic spectacle, suggesting that advertisers are adjusting to the changing attitude of consumers and exploiting it.Marian Salzman, Director of Strategic Content, JWT Worldwide, in her new book, The Future of Men (2003), interestingly, notices an important gap of the young male demographic that marketers and advertisers often fail to notice. Salzman, who conversed about the rise of the metrosexuals in 2003, deems the days of the metrosexual are numbered as men urgency their manliness back, and they are tired of taking their behavioural and fashion cues from their female companions and from mens magazines.22But this may not be true, as Kelton Research discovered in his research which was performed on 600 men, found that men can now be class into men who value their personal style and appearance without sacrificing their masculinity, and ubersexual men who care about their appearance from head to toe.Moreover, men may try to act laid-back when it comes to personal maintenance, but the real ity is, approximately two out of three surveyed not only own a variety of grooming products, but use them again and again. More importantly, about 98% of these products- men have no qualms about strolling into a shop class to buy a grooming related product (Wellikoff, 2006)23.Chapter 7 The macho The MetrosexualLee (2003) noted that men of all sexualities are taking a wider interest in their appearance. Hairdresser is where they go for a haircut instead of the groom shop and they are turning to other form of cleanser as soap is too harsh on their skin. More men are going to the gym instead of engaging in outdoor activities such as sports and some of them are even indecisive when it comes to choosing something to wear. These men are called the metrosexual and David Beckham who has been credited as the man who is changing male behaviour is classified as the ultimate metrosexual. A few years ago, concern over weight and diet regimes was strictly womens issue and having a pot tummy was accepted for a man. But now, it is completely acceptable for men to overhear their weight too and follow diet plans. This new breed of man blurs gender lines. In the Future Man(Salzman, 2003) concludes that British men are get metrosexuals who have embraced customs and attitudes once deemed by women.Salzman further connotes that men today are confident in their masculinity and in their sense of self. In addition, they look and feel good and are knowledgeable about fashion and accessories regardless of what people might consider these things unmanly.24This new breed of man does oppose the traditional male role. rudiment news reported that king of beasts Burnett, a Chicago advertising firm, conducted a global study of masculinity in 2005 and half of the men in their sample say that their role in society is unclear than in previous decades. More than cardinal percent of them said that advertising is out of touch with mens reality.25Reports seem to point there is a new form of manliness emerging that is both macho and sexual at the same time. Stephen Perrine, editor in forefront of Best Life magazine in the United States, mentioned on ABC news, The new manliness is about being competent and of value. Its less of men looking into their own navels. He also listed actors like Huge Jackman and fasten Pitt as the role models for this new manliness (ABC news, 2006).26Research QuestionsAdvertising is an combine part of any economy in the world. And where there is rapid growth and changes in the economic profile of a society, there is a fit increase in consumption patterns. This study aims to examine the portrayal of men in advertising as the emerging trends indicate that the predominantly female-oriented markets like cosmetics, body enhancements and personal grooming, are being directed at more male consumers. By studying the changes taking place in the portrayal of gender roles in advertising, it would allow us to get an insight into the changes that are ta king place in society at given times and trends over periods of time.RQ1 What are the changes in the images (as per the categories) of men in FHM Magazine from 1998 to 2005?RQ2 What is the classified level of dressing (as per the categories) of the male models in FHM magazines used for the non-homogeneous categories of pictures?RQ3 What are the differences in the race of male models in FHM magazines in the categories of photographs/illustrations?RQ4 What are the differences in the types of products advertised in FHM magazines from 2000 to 2010?RQ5 What is the classified level of dressing (as per the categories) of the male models for the various categories of products?RQ6 Has the portrayal of men in Print advertisements changed in any way over the last six years?MethodologyFor the purpose of this study a content analysis was chosen and deemed appropriate as it will provide an overview on the coverage and frequency of use of male models in the advertisements selected. This quantitat ive research method is also useful for evaluating empirically the changing trends in society, while allowing us to summarize results and report findings in accurate, quantitative manner. The unit of analysis enables replication of the study over periods of time, thus providing an opportunity for comparison and review.Sampling Selection and Sample SizeSix years (72 issues) of FHM magazine, from the United Kingdom were selected for this study. These magazines were published over a six year period from 2005 through to 2010. Through a systematic random consume method of these 72 issues, one was selected from each year making it a total of 6 issues in the sample size. The unit of analysis is all full and half page advertisements or posters that have male or female models. Those advertisements without any models were excluded from the categorization.Categorization SystemThe advertisements and posters from each year were consistently coded by placing them in pre-defined categories.Categor y of dressing DescriptionDemure dress Everyday, casual clothing,including walking shorts andsports outfits.Suggestive dress Excluding evening gowns, which better cleavage.Mini skirts, short shorts,muscle shirts, hiked skirts thatexpose thighsPartially clad Models in bathing suits, wearingundergarments and three-quarterlength or shorter lingerie.close- up shots of models bareshoulders. Models in nothingexcept a towel.Nudity Unclothed Models,including translucent lingerie/undergarments and silhouettes.Extent of Contact DescriptionNo contact Positioned side by side. Nottouching.Tame contact

Introduction To Teaching And Learning

Introduction To Teaching And Learning1.1 Analyse the role of initial estimate in the projecting and article of belief process.Initial judgment should affect office staff before a student commences a course to picture they ar on the right on path (Ann Gravells 2007). It is close to establishing your apprentices starting points and is a crucial part of the discipline journey. It provides the info carryed to decide a disciples starting point and is the benchmark from which learners submit and measuring achievements.Doing an initial sound judgment not only allows the teacher to make the learners require, but excessively att arrests removes every barriers to learning they whitethorn carry.Initial sagaciousness should be done with the learner acceptd, it should be centered on the learner. As Green (2003, pp 5) statesInitial assessment inescapably to be done with learners rather to them. It should be of benefit to learners and help them olfaction confident(p) a pproximately themselves and their potential to learnThe kayoedcomes of initial assessment help to form the individual learning plan (ILP). In fact, it would be difficult to supply all the study necessitateed for an ILP withtaboo carrying out a thorough initial assessment.The obvious roles of initial assessment to summarize is to outfit starting points position learning goalsPlan routes towards these goalsHelp learners to feel positive about their potential1.2 Describe and evaluate contrary methods of initial assessment for practice session with learners.Methods of initial assessment vary but it is important that they persuade some(a) form of accomplishment/knowledge assessment, which toiletteister be clear by the teacher.Methods of initial assessment involveObservationInterviewsDiscussionsQuestionsTestsObservationacquiring learners to do tasks / exercises to perform a plastered skill and observing them lets you rede how they argon doing.Learners ho intent do presentatio ns about an exercise they deem had to do on a payoff covered in a lesson, you net observe them doing this and see how wholesome they atomic number 18 doing.Interviews and DiscussionDiscussing with learners, asking them questions and audience to what they say provides information about how they be and any issues they might take for.The wonder process could cover things such asReasons for applyingPrevious experience fore termination achievementsCareer aims and aspirationsQuestionsThese could be written or oral. If apply the same questions for assorted learners, this could be a problem, as they whitethorn pass on the answers. request questions stomach be drop to assess knowledge and pick uping.Questions should be commit which require an answer that demonstrates knowledge. (Ann Gravells 2007).TestsNot all learners are keen on tests they are seen as very formal methods of assessing learning.A gapped handout fundament be a utilizable way of testing knowledge. Learners ar e presented with information with missing words that they need to fill in.1.3 Evaluate ways of planning, negotiating and arrangement appropriate learning goals with learners.As part of initial assessment goals would have been recognised that the learner wants to invent towards and achieve. The teacher and the learner would have officially negotiated and agreed upon them.Mager(1984) statesIf you dont know where you are going, it is difficult to select a fit means for queerting in that locationA supportive and respectful family relationship between learners and the teacher get out ensure that realistic goals and tar sucks are agreed, and how their progress will be assessed and recorded (Gravells and Simpson 2008).When tar expresss are being agreed with the learner, these should eternally be SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and clock timebound). By doing this, everyone is clear about what is to be achieved and why, when, where and how (Gravells and Simpson 2 008).Recording the learning goals involves getting the learner involved, getting them to take self-command of them and to agree and negotiate them. All the goals and targets need to be recorded.After doing an initial assessment the information ga in that locationd from it allows a teacher to device an someone Learning Plan (ILP). An ILP provides a record of the 5 stages of RARPA (Recognizing and Recording patterned advance and Achievement) and allows the learner to ricochet on their own learning and achievements.The process of creating an ILP needs to involve the learners. They have to be individual to the learner and embed literacy, language, numeracy and ICT goals. By utilize regular tutorials and review sessions with the learner, allows the ILP to be updated and amended as needed.2.6 Identify and evaluate opportunities for learners to provide feedback to inform practice.Reviewing the progress of a learner on a regular basis harbours them the chance to have a one-to-one wit h the teacher and obtains the learner the opportunity to review where they are up to and to discuss their goals and achievements. Any problems they have stinkpot be discussed and evaluated and goals can be amended if needed. Having reviews is an informal way for the learner to give any feedback they whitethorn have about how the course is going on a personal level.Learners can be encouraged to give feedback by directly asking them questions. If classes are small and interactive and there is mutual trust and respect on the part of the learners and teacher, then session questions directly to a class may be feasible. However, there is no scope for anonymity of learner responses and some learners may feel self-conscious voicing less popular opinions in such a exoteric vogue.Learners could give anonymous feedback by means of a questionnaire handout about the course, they would fill it in and put into a box at the end of a lesson.Getting feedback online is a possibility. Learners co uld email the teacher at particular proposition points in the course with their questions, and some brief comments about what they find useful or arent sure about. Obvious downfalls of using any online method is learners need to have profit approach path, but if the fostering establishment has this in place, it doesnt accept any problems.3.1 Select/ aline, use and rationalise a range of inclusive learning activities to en therefrome and impress learners, ensuring that course of study requirements are met.Once schemes of create and lesson plans are devised you need to begin delivering learning.Addressing the diversity of learners by selecting appropriate curriculum and course content is a critical aspect of inclusiveness.Using a categorisation of visual, aural and kinaesthetic methods of delivery will help stumble all the learning styles of your learners(Ann Gravells, 2007). By using learning activities that use the same delivery methods you can include all learners learnin g styles at bottom the class. retentiveness that lesson plans will have the courses curriculum learning objectives and outcomes on them we can identify what activities we can use. many learning activities areDemonstrationCoachingradical exercisesRole bestowBy using activities that use a mixture of visual, aural and kinaesthetic methods, we can enthuse all learners.Demonstrations can motivate the learners by getting them to do something practical, for instance, get the learner to put a computer together by actually doing this rather than just discussing about it. The learner would be more enthusiastic and motivated as they are physically doing something they are not passive, silent learners. Rewarding the student when they have successfully done their activity will motivate them to learn more. Demonstrations can be supported with handouts and other(a) activities to support all learning styles.As Petty statesWhat the learner does is more important than what the teacher does.Coachin g is a one-one or small group activity, which would involve the teacher giving a demonstration, which is then followed by an observation of the learners performance. Using coaching takes into account the needs of the individual.Group exercises could involve members of a group who have a certain skill mixing up with learners who have contrastive skills. This would motivate the learners to lam together and gain knowledge from each other and allow inclusive learning to take place.Ginnis(2002) pointed out that learners are more motivated, ensnarld and promiscuous when they have some control over their learning.3.2 Analyse the strength and confinements of a range of resources, including new and emerging technologies, showing how these resources can be employ to promote equation, support diversity and contribute to effective learning.The following are a few resources teachers generally useOHPsHandoutsInformation and learning technology(ILT)OHPs have a great strength in the fact they can be utilize in daylight you face the class and can therefrom more easily control the group, get all the learners involved it can be used with other aid solid can be prepared before a lesson or as the lesson develops and the material can be stored and used again. Limitations of using OHPs are learners cannot interact with them. They need to be positioned in a classroom so everybody can see the material being presented. If the classroom is large, learners sitting at the back may not be able to see the material distinctly.Handouts are useful in the presentation of information or worksheets. Using presentation handouts have the limitation of the fact that learners may take them residence and not read them. A handout can be a straightforward record of the inform that has taken place, evidence indicates that handouts that are solely used in this manner rarely lead to sustained learning. (Armitage et al, 2003). Care must(prenominal) be taken if any learners are dyslexic with th e use of colours on the handouts. Gapped handouts are a good way to evaluate if learning has taken place by getting the learners to fill in the missing words. It must be noted that handouts need to promote equality by not using words on them that are gender specific for example, male henpecked wording.ILT refers to the use of information and conversation technologies to support the core business of your plaque (Gravells and Simpson, 2008). ILT is a term used for the entire computer indus fork over and covers a wide range of technologies. As all learners are individuals with different needs, from different heathen backgrounds, gender, race and different ages the use of ILT promotes equality and supports diversity.E-learning includes the use of electronic learning technologies as previously mentioned this would include interactive whiteboards and data projectors and practical(prenominal) learning environments. As each learner has different learning needs, there are different e-le arning teaching methods. Some learners may prefer to learn when and where it is convenient for them, this can be achieved by distance learning from home or somewhere else. Learners are able to interact with their teachers and resource materials at a time of their choosing. The obvious limitation is that the learner needs to be self-motivated and may feel they miss out on one-to-one colloquy with their teacher, they can feel isolated.Using virtual classrooms that duplicates what is found in a real classroom provides teachers and learners to meet virtually they dont have to be physically in the same room. This is known as asynchronous learning. Learners can engage with each other when it is most convenient for them to do so. They can leave a trail of their postings some(prenominal) like a blog for other learners and the teacher to see. Of course this has its limitations and is open for abuse. Limitations such as the learner could get somebody else to enter the virtual classroom for them the learner needs to be computer literate and needs access to the internet.The use of audio aids help support diversity, if somebody in the classroom was partially sighted, they would describe the information that is being presented. The teacher could have an induction loop organisation in the classroom to include learners with a controling impairment.By providing different environments and a range of resources, effective learning can take place. It is manifest that by using a range of resources in teaching, different learning styles can be used which supports equality and diversity.3.4 Select/adapt, use and justify a range of inclusive resources to promote inclusive learning and teaching.The education establishment should promote inclusive learning for everybody. Having easy access to classrooms by means of having lifts for wheel chair users is an important resource. Classrooms should be laid out in such a way that wheel chair access is easily established.Handouts are a cl ear way of showing if your learners are actually harkening and learning. Consideration must be taken when innovation handouts if some of your learners are dyslexic or have sight impairments use different colour paper and use a larger-sized font. You may need to photocopy handouts in order to give out to the class, but you may have run out of the budget allocated to you for photocopying. Instead of photocopying them you could email them to the learners and get them to print them out or you could use the education establishments learning broadcast such as WebCT and encourage learners to access them here.The use of the internet is a great resource for learning and teaching. Most learners would have access to computers at their place of study and have access to the internet. As we all know, the internet has a wealth of information and is a great learning tool. Teachers can use the internet to find lots of free resources by carrying out a search on their particular subject (Gravells and Simpson, 2008).Most educational establishments have access to library resource facilities learners would be encouraged to use this to help with their learning and assignments. If there is no library resource you could adapt and use the local public library, which would have books, ICT and other useful resources for your learners.Some educational establishments have expert help available to both learners and those teaching them, responding to them and supporting their learning. These are often referred to as disabilities unit or equality unit and will usually contain personnel trained in identifying and responding to specific learning needs (Race, 2007).Their should be departmental help within the teachers department on such issues as ICT assistance, this could come from technicians to help with ICT equipment or a programme leader who could assist with helping the teaching get up to speed with new ICT equipment such as an interactive board.4.1 engross and evaluate different cha t methods and skills to meet the needs of learners and organisations.Communication is a means of passing on information from one person to another. It is also a manner of expression, for example, your body language, voice and gestures you make (Ann Gravells, 2007).Methods of dialogue involveVerbalNon-verbalWrittenFeedback is a verbal communication skill that identifies clear that learners are actively comprehending. Speaking clearly at the right stair is an important verbal communication skill. If some of the learners first language is not English, you need to be careful with use of words they may not be familiar with.Non-verbal communication includes such things as your body language, gestures, and even off the way you sit. It is important you dress appropriately, act professionally and confidently, as the learners will observe your dress, manner and attitude.Written communication can be in the forms of a handout, email, computerised presentation to name a few. It can be used to direct the learners to do something such as direct them to a assumption location.Listening is an important communication skill. You need to be able to listen to what your learners say when giving responses and answering your questions. Not being able to listen to what your learners are saying and answering their questions satisfactory causes communication to break down.Empathy and liberality are also skills of communication.You can express empathy when you have personally experience something your learners have gone through. You can sympathise when you havent (Gravells and Simpson, 2008).4.2 Evaluate own communication skills, identifying ways in which these could be improved including an analysis of how barriers to effective communication might be overcome.During part of my team-teach, I tried to communicate clearly and not use any jargon that could have misunderstood the learners. The information that was presented using the data projector was clear and not cluttered. I asked appropriate questions and listened to the learners responses.I felt I intercommunicate too quickly during the team-teach and should have utter slightly slower than normal. By speaking slightly slower would give the learners time to take in and assimilate what is being conveyed.When giving handouts, I made sure there werent any spelling mistakes or grammatical errors on them, failing to do this would lead to confusion for the learners.A skill to communicating effectively is to project confidence.Asking the right questions at the right time to get the information we need allows us to communicate effectively. oral examination communication must be clear and not heavily accented. It must be accurate, not ambiguous or biased and be uttered in a professional manner.We must be aware of what the learners soon know, no point aiming a lesson at too high a level if the learners arent at that point this would lead to confusion.As Nickerson, (1999, 2001) verbalizeThe judgment of convicti on of knowledge leads us to overestimate what others know.Testing communication prior to use can help overcome communication barriers. Learners may have cultural differences, which may have an impact on their literacy learning. Initial assessment may help here, once you are aware of any issues, you can work on them and communicate in a way that enables learners to interpret what you are conveying.The learners body language can help overcome barriers to communication. By using regular eye contact with all learners you can see the expressions on their faces and this helps identify if there is any communication problem.The learners themselves may have barriers they may have preoccupations, which lead to lapses in concentration, or they may not understand the terminology being used, they may be colour blind thus handouts need to be adapted for them.Physical factors in the classroom play an important part in effective communication. The classroom layout needs to be correctly laid out in order for the learners to see and hear you, the lighting has to be good, and noise levels to a minimum.Introducing a complex result can cause communication problems to the learners, to overcome this, you need to break the topic down and present it in logical manner.6.1 Use regular mirror image and feedback from others, including learners, to evaluate and improve own practice, making recommendations for modification as appropriate. front to doing the team-teach I had to do a micro-teach session and reflect on it. Having unplowed a pensive journal it was noted that I had to look at timing issues as I was trying to cram too such(prenominal) information into the session that made me run over time. With this taken on board, the team-teach session was done as to not cram too much information in and to try and get the timings more precise. I feel the information content was better, the timings were a little better, although the team-teach still went over time but I believe that was down more to the questions being asked from my peers.At the end of the team-teach, feedback handouts were given out to my peers, which provided me with an evaluation of the session and allowed me to look at possible modifications for future sessions I plan on doing. All the feedback was positive, everybody stated that they had learnt from the session, that the handouts had been clear, that a variety of teaching styles had been used and the visual aids had been used effectively.Some of my peers had commented on how the session may have been improved upon such as not to make the session too subjective and try not to use own opinions without providing evidence. These have been noted in my reflective journal and will allow me to improve my own practice.As well as using a handout for feedback I informally spoke to some of my peers to help me realise if the delivery of the team-teach had been successful or not.My communication skills need improving to make sure I speak clearly, and a little m ore loudly and slowly than normal. I have learnt that some of the words used in communicating verbally need to reflect equality and inclusiveness and not be biased in any way.I also need to identify which elements of the minimum core is being addressed, oddly the specific ones and to add these to my lesson plans and scheme of work in future.

Theories Of Planned Change Management Essay

Theories Of be after deviate Management EssayMost companies today be facing the occupation of globalization. An organic lawal lurch, refers to the planned revision in theory, temporary hookup Organizational education (OD), refers to a long- edge effort undertaken to improve problem solving capabilities and adapting to transfers of the outside(a) purlieu. At a Government Business Conference held in 2007, Jeffrey Lucy AM, chairwoman of Australian Securities and Investment Commission gave a speech.So, if we were on par with early(a) disposals, well funded to continue doing our job, and our pack were committed to our agency goals, one superpower therefore reasonably ask Why deviate anything? In my view, this would be a dangerous way of leading our agency and, while continue to strive for improvements can be challenging, I believe that our staff harmonise we must never rest on our past achievements. (ASIC 2007)From the above abstr morsel, electric chair Jeffrey is put ting forth the message that in order for an boldness to stumble long-term sustainability, limitings and improvements pose to be made continuously.THEORIES OF PLANNED sort on that point are three major judicatureal change theories being utilise to jockstrap organization members manage changeLewins change model provides a general framework for understanding organizational change. This involves increasing forces pushing for change while decreasing forces maintaining the current state, producing less(prenominal) tension and resistance to change. march research model depends on transgressment gathered about the organization to guide subsequent actions. Results are then being evaluated and decided whether saucily actions are impoverishmented.Contemporary approaches to change is adapted from action research model, with the deviance being there is a higher level of member sake in the change process. This involves organization members to learn about their organizations and h ow to change it.In true(a) practice, steps in planned change devour to be modified or adjusted to suit the different organizations dealfully and goals. Planned change can be used to solve problems, improve organizations performance, adapt to outdoor(a) changes especially when coping with unplanned changes and also influence coming(prenominal) changes. It is of utmost importance to spiel about more(prenominal) beliefive organizations.FORCES FOR CHANGETwo major forces affects change in an organization. First, outside(a) forces comprising of changing market place trends, new competitive entrants and improved technologies. Next, internal forces comprising of change of loss leadinghip beliefs and culture. These two forces will cause an organization to change in order for the organization to remain competitive.CHANGE LEADERSIn order for an organization to devour changes, Organizational Development (OD) practitioners, also kn accept as change agents, have to be pursued or t rained. OD practitioners refer to at least(prenominal) three kinds of peck.First, people who may be internal or external consultants offering original and specialized services to organization clients. This group of people specializes in OD as a profession. Second, OD practitioner refers to people who do not have specialized training related to OD. These professionals pee-pee competence in OD from working with OD professionals, and applying in their own respective specialized fields of work. Third, OD practitioner refers to managers or administrators who have gained OD competence by working with OD professionals in actual change programs.In organizations, OD professionals who have been selected and empowered to bedevil changes are known as change leading for the organization. These leaders are upgrade divided into internal consultants, people who are members of the organization, and external consultants, people who are not members of the client organization.EFFECTS ON DIFFEREN T STAGES OF CHANGEOrganizations hire twain internal and external change leaders for their different expertise, distinctiveness and influences at the different levels of change. Further elaboration would be done beneath at stage levels to understand their roles and impact.First, at the entering stage, internal change leaders have an advantage as they have access to define clients and relationships of clients have been built. They know the organizations goals and problems faced, and have direct access to different information of the organization. This allows more efficient and smoother entry. Whereas external change leaders would need to neglect more time obtaining data and information of the organization.Second, at the espial stage, internal change leaders have informal contracts and have lesser worry about expenses, but they must complete projects assigned to them. Whereas external change leaders have formal contracts and they can choose whether their skills and specialties ma tches the organizations goals and needs before agreeing to undertake the assignment.Third, at the diagnosis stage, internal change leaders tend to roll in the hay a basic level of trust and plangency with most organization members. Whereas external change leaders have to spend more time interacting with the organizations member. But external change leaders enjoy higher status compared to internal change leaders which allows them to investigate more difficult issues and assess the organization more objectively.Fourth, at the intervention stage, both types of change leaders must desire on valid information, making informed decisions, and having commitment internally to ensure success. However, an internal change leader would be overly cautious when making these decisions due to strong ties to the organization and someone with higher authority or power would be commensurate to affect the decisions made. Whereas internal forces would have minimal or no effect on an external change l eader.Lastly, at the evaluating stage, internal change leaders can see change being implemented and take form. This allows them to make minor adjustments along the way as they have worked alongside professional OD practitioners and gained needed experience as mentioned in the beginning of change leaders. Whereas external change leaders seldom see long term results, meaning if adjustments need to be made along the way while the change is taking place, they are usually no longer avail adequate to(p). circumstance STUDYThe following case highlights the need for external change leaders and their expertiseThe Blue Group, founded in 2002, by Ruby Lampard and Robin Sinclair, helps clients develop and maintain long-term profit subject relationships through up selling and remembering strategies. When Ruby and Robin first started, they did not have any mentation regarding the types of clients they wanted to work with and the type of work they wanted to do. This led to haphazard projects be ing accepted, resulting in long working hours clocked with minimal returns. After a year and a half, Ruby and Robin decided to seek help with an external consultant, who led them to plan and work for larger clients with long-term potential. level though both Ruby and Robin were creative people, they still need the expertise of an external consultant.The external change leader understands the external environment correct regarding market shifts, different competitors and technologies available. Whereas Ruby and Robin were able to act as internal change leaders regarding the planning, organizing and controlling side for the change to take place. The external and internal change leaders were then able to come up with a strategy and structure for the organization. This resulted in a change of values with how Ruby and Robin worked. They were able to reap better rewards and management practices and structures were changed allowing them to hire workers which they didnt dared to in the be ginning.CONCLUSIONTherefore, an organization cannot rely only when on an internal or external change leader to reinforce and implement changes. A mixture of both would be needed to bring about changes as they each possess different types of knowledge and skills, forming an internal-external consulting team. indwelling change leaders can provide inside knowledge regarding the organization and allow external change leaders to be accepted easily. intimate change leaders would also be able to maintain in constant contact with clients. Whereas external change leaders would be able to combine their special expertise, vast experiences and objectivity with internal change leaders. immaterial change leaders can also help train organizations and their counterparts, w accordingly transferring OD knowledge and skills to the organization.A balance needs to be strike in everything done. Since the opportunities an organization faces is huge and business markets are vast, organizations need t o rely on not individual, but groups of people who are able to musical accompaniment each other with their knowledge, continuous feedbacks and commitment to learn from one another, hence making it more effective than individuals working alone. If internal and external change leaders are not able to work together, they would be less effective than consultants working alone.

‘Medicalization’ in Current Health Policy

Medicalization in live strongness PolicyChanging macrocosm wellness Priorities From Medicalization to Improving create CommunitiesLaura Schultz, Brett Weed, Ashini Fernando, Carolyn Moore,Andrea Andersen, David GarciaMedicalization has greatly increased the emphasis on the delivery of clinical operate to somebodys, often at the expense of population-based solutions. We examine this phenomenon and offer an alternative that promotes universal wellness by improving neighborly, environmental, and animal(prenominal) determinants of wellnessHS1.Medicalization in Current health PolicyMedicalization is the tendency for the practice of medicine to view a great proportion of human behavior through a clinical genus Lens (Zola, 1986). Among the examples of wellness checkization is the direct-to-consumer solicitation of prescription drugs for an arguably ever-increasing repertoire of conditions and afflictions (Frosch, Krueger, Hornik, Cronbolm, Barg, 2007) and increasing assenti ng to medical c are as is evident through the initiatives implemented by the ACAHS2. ever increasing amounts of money are organism invested in treatment of degenerative diseases, while a comparatively much sm in aller proportion is invested in preventing the same conditions (HHS, 2003). The United States spends much than 17% of their GDP on wellnesscareHS3. This per capita wellness expenditure is more than twice the average of countries of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and breeding (Balding, 2014HS4), to that extent these numbers ache translated non into better wellness only when instead, a worsenedning trend in chronic diseases. US citizens besides maintain fundamentally lower life expectancy in comparison (Woolf Aron, 2013).Despite these considerable investments in health care delivery, the costs associated with treating the manifestations of curt health continue to rise unabated. Over the last five days in north Carolina alone, near USD 80 million of the federal work out for populace health was appropriated for primary care for the underserved populations (Trust for Americas health, 2014HS5).reality wellness SpendingIn contrast, public health only receives approximately 3% of the government budget and is underfunded (Balding, 2014). Nationally, 95% of health expending is for the apportioning of clinical services, while only 5% is invested in population-based solutions (Lantz, Licthenstein, Pollack, 2007). In trade union Carolina this division is even more extreme, with less than 1% of health spending dedicated to public health operations (Table 1HS6).Table 1. northernmost Carolina Public Health Appropriations as a Percentage of Public Health contend Spending (Trust for Americas Health, 2014 Chantrill, n.d.)It is worthCDL7 noning that the leading ca function of mortality in the US, cardiovascular disease, accounts for annual healthcare costs that exceed USD $312.6 billion (HHS n.d.), yet when diagnosed early, disease pr ogression can be addressed with non-pharmacological interventionsHS8. In North Carolina, a mere 0.81% ( USD 15 million, 2013) of the federal budget for public health was appropriated for prevention measures of all chronic diseases (Trust for Americas Health, 2014). These living trends pop to support medicalization of health instead of prevention through public health efforts. Rather than continue to invest in a stopgap dodge of mitigating the impact of illness, we propose to instead invest in the prevention of illnessHS9.Addressing hearty Determinants state health investments within corporate environments go through shown considerable fiscal success and value beyond return on investment (ROI). i corporate wellness program saw a ROI of close to ccc% another company saved an estimated $224 per employee in 2003 dollars from promoting health rather than treating a lack of it (HHS, 2003HS10). Applying this same per capita savings rate to North Carolina, shifting funding to preventio n and health promotion could yield savings of $2.2 billion annually3, more than offsetting the annual increases in health services expenditures. Value beyond ROI includes physical and mental health, quality of life, perceived health position and functional capacity. employment well-being also promotes other intangibles such(prenominal) as increased genial cohesion (Pronk, 2014).There is an established correlation between positive mixer relationships and health. As Robert Putnam wrote in 2000 in Bowling only when, hearty capital conveys the necessary health promoting value of communitiesHS11. It is defined as the social networks and interactions that inspire hope and reciprocity among citizens (as cited in Leyden, 2003). Social isolation, independent of other life style factors, is cerebrate to premature death and decreased resistance to disease (Cohen, 2001). Beyond individual health, social capital is associated with semipolitical engagement, volunteerism, decreased cri me rates and sparing development (Leyden, 2003). Research has shown that when we design our communities to encourage social engagement at that place is a positive effect on the psychological and physical health of the residents (Leyden, 2003HS12).Since the advent of the automobile, the design of our communities has included limited transportation choices. Most individuals guide to travel by car because urban design has made well-nigh options for pedestrians unsafe (Vandergrift, 2004). The US, compared to other high income European countries with better health measures, have at least 25% more automobiles per 1000 people (Woolf Aron, 2013). European Countries also have policies which limit sprawl and prioritize urban centralization. Though difficult to quantify, these environmental factors are likely to contribute to the health disparities and disadvantages in the US (Woolf Aron, 2013).Political and social conditions and constructs, racism for example, also results in poor urba n design that compound health disparities including limited access to businesses and markets, exposure to environmental toxins, and lack of opportunities for social participation. Specifically, infra building investment decisions, such as libraries, parks, public safety and maintenance are likely to be allocated to geographic areas populated by citizens with greater socioeconomic status and political power, which further marginalize disadvantaged socioeconomic groups (Schulz Northridge, 2004).Alternatively, mixed use, pedestrian hearty communities are based on thoughtful design and include whole town centers, multiple income residences and well linked streets that are designed for people, not automobiles (Walkable Communities, n.d.). Prioritized determinants of health, which we expect to improve because of innovative planning include increased social engagement, improved economic status and increased physical bodily function (Walkable Communities, n.d.). As of 2012, approximatel y 50% of the US adult population has been shown to suffer from chronic diseases. However, adequate physical activity has been scientifically proven to prevent or improve these chronic disease conditionsHS13. Yet, according to a 2011 statistic from the CDC, 76% of adults did not meet the recommendation for muscle-strengthening physical activity which is a known find for heart disease (CDC, 2014).There are put ups where the built environment is viewed as worthy of significant investment to improve population health. Specifically, in mom there are two examples of lower than average socioeconomic status communities where health impact assessments indicate that built environmental improvements would improve social factors and likely decrease expenses in medical intervention. In Somerville, there is a community driven planned change to a bisecting interstate. This plan, made with stipulation for social health determinants of the residents includes multi use bike and walking paths with increased access to all areas of the communityHS14. Community-wide access leave behind provide opportunities for social interaction, physical activity and increased choices for employment (MassDOT, 2013). A community with similar demographics, Fall River, has proposed putting green drag ins for recreation and pedestrian and bicycle travel that connect residents to businesses. This is predicted to improve all health determinant the HIA evaluated (MAPC, 2013).Based on a review of state sponsored health impact assessments in other communities, there is a significant relationship between communities with walkable pathways and health ( path to Trails Conservancy, 2013). We propose that thoughtful environmental structure enhancements such as multi-use walking and biking paths will connect neighborhoods and businesses. In turn, we reckon these changes will positively affect social cohesion, economic viability and physical activity, which are all key determinants of health that can im prove with innovative public insurance implementationHS15.Conclusion and RecommendationsEvidence from state sponsored health impact assessments in other communities, indicates that there is a positive correlation between communities with walkable pathways and health ( racecourses to Trails Conservancy, 2013). environmental structure enhancements such as multi-use walking and biking paths that connect neighborhoods and businesses could positively influence population health in North Carolina. We believe these changes will positively affect social cohesion, economic viability and physical activity, which are all key determinants of health that can improve with innovative public policy implementation.In North Carolina there are 31 accurate Rails to Trails programs (NC Rails-Trails, 2014). This national program improves the built environment by converting former line routes to pedestrian and bike friendly paths. However, only 2 of the 31 completed trails are located in counties with the poorest health scores (RWJF 2014 NC Rails to Trails, 2014). easterly North Carolina, where 9 out of 10 of the most poorly rated counties for health outcomes are located, also have the fewest trail initiatives (NC Rails-Trails, 2014). This skewed diffusion of environmental improvements further demonstrates the way in which populations within poor socioeconomic communities are financially neglected, and thus likely to continue to suffer from worse health outcomes. Using Massachusetts as an example, the states plane air division of Health and Human go has initiated a program to identify communities with the final socioeconomic status and assist them to build policies, systems and environments that promote wellness and rose-cheeked living (MassDOT, 2013).In partnership with state and county planning officials, public health leaders, and state demographers, our plan is to target lower socioeconomic communities, initially commission on a county with the poorest health indicator s, to plan and build multi-use trails. We request precedence funding allocated through the US surgical incision of Transportation via the Moving ahead for Progress in the 21st Century ACT (MAP-21), as well as private foundation grants that prioritize state population health improvements like the Annie E. Casey and Doris Duke foundations. Our plan for advocacy is to engage community members in the trail project as stakeholders. Specifically we will encourage our members to influence policy decisions through community informational meetings, including letter writing assistance intended to sustain pressure on local politicians. We intend to host community or health center coffees with opportunities to meet county commissioners and planners. Media coverage in the local publisher is another part of our advocacy plan. Specifically, we will engage local media in an effort to frame the problem of poor environmental design and how it impacts health by profiling one citizen with health ri sks and limited transportation options who lives on a pedestrian unsafe street, visually depicting the social isolation inherent in this environment though a photo layoutHS16.By engaging our most vulnerable North Carolina citizens to take part in improving their quality of life and ultimately their health and longevity, we will have the best chance at community environmental improvement as a long term effort. The time is now to refocus our priorities on health investment through prevention and promotion of public health efforts rather than treatment of diseases.ReferencesBlanding, M. (2012). Public Health and the U.S. Economy. Retrieved from http//www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/magazine/public-health-economy-election/.Chantrill, C. (n.d.). North Carolina Government Spending Chart. Retrieved from http//www.usgovernmentspending.com/spending_chart_2003_2019NCb_16s1li111mcn_13l14tCenters for disease Control and Prevention (2014, October). Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Retr ieved from http//www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/overview/index.htm.Cohen, S (2001). Social relationships and health Berkman syme (1979). Advances in mind-body medicine. 17(1)5-7.Frosch, D. L., Krueger, P. M., Hornik, R. C., Cronbolm, P. F., Barg, F. K. (2007). Creating film for Prescription Drugs A Content Analysis of Television Direct-to-Consumer Advertising. Annals of Family Medicine, 5(1), 6-13.Lantz, P. M., Licthenstein R. L., Pollack, H. A. (2007). Health policy approaches to population health The Limits of medicalization. Health Affairs, 26(5), 1253-1257.Leyden, K. (2003). Social Capital and the build Environment The Importance of Walkable Neighborhoods. American Journal of Public Health, 93(9), 1546-1551.Massachusetts Department of Transportation. (2013). Health Impact Assessment of the Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT) McGrath cornerstone Study. 2013. Retrieved from http//www.massdot.state.ma.us/groundingmcgrath/HealthImpactAssessment.aspx.Metropolitan Ar ea Planning Council (MAPC) (2013). Health Impact Assessment Quequechan River Rail Trail Phase 2. Retrieved from http//www.mapc.org/quequechan-river-rail-trail-hia.NC Rails-Trails (2014, September). Resources. Retrieved from http//www.ncrailtrails.org/web/resources.Pronk, N. P. (2014). Placing Workplace wellness in decent Context Value Beyond Money. Preventing Chronic Disease 11, 1-4. http//dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd11.140128Putnam, R. (2000). Bowling Alone The collapse and revival of American community. New York Simon Schuster.Rails to Trails Conservancy. Health and Wellness Benefits. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.railstotrails.org/ourWork/trailBasics/benefits.html.Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (2014). County Health Rankings and Roadmaps, Building a Culture of Health County by County 2014 Rankings North Carolina. Retrieved from http//www.countyhealthrankings.org/sites/default/files/state/downloads/CHR2014_NC_v2.pdfSchulz, A., Northridge, M. E. (2004). Social determinants of healt h Implications for Environmental Health Promotion. Health Education and Behavior, 31(4), 455-471.Trust for Americas Health (2014). Key Health Data about North Carolina. Retrieved from http//healthyamericans.org/states/?stateid=NC arm=3,year=2009,code=undefinedUS nose count Bureau (2014, July 8). NC quick facts. Retrieved from http//quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/37000.htmlUS Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) (2003, September). Prevention makes common cents. Retrieved from http//aspe.hhs.gov/health/prevention/.US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) (n.d.). About Heart Disease Stroke. Retrieved from http//millionhearts.hhs.gov/abouthds/cost-consequences.htmlcost.Vandergrift, D., Yoked, T. V. (2004). Obesity rates, income, and suburban sprawl an analysis of US states. Health Place, 10, 221-229.Walkable Communities, Inc. (n.d.).Walkable Communities FAQ. Retrieved from http//walkable.org/faqs.html.Woolf, S. H., Aron, L. Y. (Eds.). (2013). U.S. Health in extern al Perspective Shorter Lives, Poorer Health. Washington DC National Academies Press.Zola, I. K. (1986). Medicine as an initiation of social control. In P. Conrad R. Kern (Eds.), The sociology of health and illness. New York St. Martins Press.1 Rounded to nearby million2 Rounded to nearest ten million represents NC state and vicinity public health care spending3 Based on 2013 NC Population Estimate of 9,848,060 (US Census Bureau 2014).HS1Nice introduction to your paperHS2Good examplesHS3Is this from your Balding summon? This statement needs to be referenced.HS4This is listed as Blanding on your reference list.HS5Very keen section, your reader will have a good understanding of medicalization subsequently reading this sectionHS6Great reference and statistics that support your premiseCDL7Do not use this construct in this class, it is, there are, etc.HS8Such as implementing lifestyle changes with diet exercise.HS9Very goodHS10ImpressiveHS11Very interesting, I will be reading this .HS12Great examples and points being made, excellent references.HS13You need a reference hereHS14This entire section isnt referenced. Unless this information is considered to be common knowledge e.g. it came from your own consciousness or was information you were aware of prior to writing this paper, it needs to have a citation. Please review when to cite from UNC library http//www2.lib.unc.edu/instruct/citations/index.html?section=why_we_citeHS15Great ideasHS16Great ideas and plan of action

The Labour Force And Unemployment Economics Essay

The dig Force And Un use political economy EssayEvery market has buyers and sellers, and the repel market is no ejection the buyers argon employers, and the sellers are workers. Some of this participant whitethorn non be active at either given moment in the champion of seeking new employees or new jobs, but on any given day, thousands of firms and workers volition be in the market trying to transact.The Labour Force and UnemploymentThe term ride force refers to totally those over 16 days of age who are either apply, actively seeking work, or expecting recall from a layoff. Those in the prod force who are not employed for bemuse a bun in the oven are the sluggish.1People who are not employed and are neither looking for work nor waiting to be recalled from layoff by their employers are not counted as part of the trade union movement force. The total labour force thus consists of the employed and the unemployed.The number and identities of tidy sum in from each one la bour market category are always changing the f number ones of people from one category to an otherwise are considerable. There are cardinal major flows between labour market statesemployed workers become unemployed by quitting voluntarily or being laid off (being involuntarily sepa calculated from the firm, either temporarily or permanently),unemployed workers obtain employment by being newly hired or being recalled to a job from which they were temporarily laid off,those in the labour force, whether employed or unemployed, can leave the labour force by retiring or otherwise deciding against taking or seeking work for pay (dropping out),those who have never worked or looked for a job expand the labour force by entering it, while those who have dropped out do so by re-entering the labour force.The ratio of those unemployed to those in the labour force is the unemployment tempo. While this arrange is crude and has several imperfections, it is the most wide cited measure of labour m arket conditions.The relation among unemployment, employment, and labour forceAnalytically, to attack the unemployment crop we can use the following equalitywhere , , and designate respectively the working-age population, the level of employment, the number of unemployed, and the appointment enjoin at period t. delimit the unemployment as , we haveUsing this equation in logarithm term at beat t and t-1, we getAssuming that u is a small number, this relation allows us to express the volt-ampereiety of unemployment post as a function of the issue pass judgments of working-age population, employment, and meshingThis decomposition shows that the variation in the graze of unemployment come from variations in the employment rate, the size of the working-age population, and participation rate.Chapter 2 Some factsThe diametric unemployment experienceDuring the last 20 social classs, the industrialised countries have evolved in very different direction with respect to une mployment. In contradiction to japan, or the unify States, most of European countries showed a advanced proportion of unemployment. skirt 1.1 Rates of unemployment, participation, and employment in 20 OECD countries in 2011CountryUnemployment RateParticipation RateEmployment RateAustralia5,1078,872,70Austria4,1475,7972,13Belgium7,1468,8861,93Canada7,4580,2571,98Denmark7,5783,1973,15Finland7,7775,4369,03France9,2669,3463,80Germany5,9281,0472,53Greece17,6668,5755,55Ireland14,3970,9659,20Italy8,4063,0156,98japan4,5780,6171,20Luxembourg4,9070,5764,63Netherlands4,4480,1374,88Norway3,2180,2275,30Portugal12,7477,4264,20Spain21,6475,2857,68Sweden7,5431,0074,10Switzerland4,0486,6079,35 get together Kingdom8,0176,7569,48 get together States8,9564,2166,65Euro area (17 countries)10,0726,2064,25EU (27 countries)9,5964,30OECD essence7,9227,8064,85Source OECD DataTable 1.1 summarises the unemployment, participation and employment rates in 20 OECD countries for 2011. We see that unemployment is a phenomenon that touches all the countries, but in different proportions. There are some countries such as Austria, Japan, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Norway, and Switzerland, have an unemployment rate below 5 per penny. But other countries, such as Greece, Ireland, Portugal, and Spain, have an unemployment rate naughtyer than 10 per cent. For the European Union as a whole (27 countries), the average unemployment rate is the neighbourhood of 10 per cent, 2 points great than the overall OECD unemployment rate.The third column reports the employment rate, i.e. the ratio of the number of persons employed to the number of person in the population (working-age from 15 to 64 years old). This indicator is very important for the analysis since it can be use as a complement to the data of unemployment, given that the definition of unemployment is unavoidably objective. As we can see from table 1.1 countries with gamy employment rate are also the ones who have low rates of unemployment . So in that respect is a negative relationship among them.The second column also shows that participation rates are highly dispersed, since they vary from 63.01 per cent in Italy to 86.60 per cent in Switzerland. Moreover, countries that face high unemployment rate generally have relatively a weak participation rate.This rapid overview of the rates of unemployment, participation, and employment in different OECD countries suggest that certain countries face a relatively high unemployment rate because of insufficient job creation. Examination of changes over time since the get of 1950s in unemployment and employment rate in the United States and selected OECD countries will throw further lights on the origins of unemployment.The US unemployment experience in comparative degree perspectiveTable 1.2 summarises the unemployment experience of the United States, selected other countries, and the OECD as a whole from 1950 to 2011. The OECD unemployment rate averaged about 3 per cent du ring the 1950s and sixties unemployment throughout the OECD increased sharply in the by and bymath of the oil shocks of the seventies and continued rising the worldwide recession of the early 1980s. The overall OECD unemployment rate more than doubled from 2.8 per cent in the 1960s to 7.0 per cent in the 1980s, and has remained at an even high rate in the 1990s. Last year the overall OECD unemployment rate was 8.2 per cent.Table 1.2 Unemployment rates in selected OECD countriesCountry1950196019701980199020002011Australia1,502,003,907,509,106,285,20Canada3,804,706,609,309,906,827,50France1,501,703,809,0011,109,49,30Germany4,900,601,905,706,507,766,00Italy7,203,804,707,5010,2010,598,50Japan2,101,301,702,502.74,724,80Netherlands1,500,904,009,606,902,954,40Norway1,701,701,602,805,303,333,30New Zeland0,900,901,504,108,109,006,70Portugal2,202,401,607,305,804,0413,40Spain2,102,304,2017,5020,3013,9221,80Sweden1,701,501,802,207,005,47,60United Kingdom1,702,004,4010,108,705,588,00United St ates4,404,706,107,206,004,009,10OECD3,502,804,307,007,306,18,2Source OECD DataTable 1.2 indicates that major OECD nations shared a pattern of rising unemployment from the 1960s to the mid-seventies to the 1980s, but the magnitude of the increases vary widely across countries, with the largest increase in Spain. In the 1990s the unemployment experience diverge somewhat, with continued increases from the 1980s in most European countries and Australia, but decline in the United States, United Kingdom, and Portugal. In the 2000s there is a general decrease of unemployment rate among all the countries, except in Italy and Japan. From 2000 to 2011 unemployment is a phenomenon that touches all the countries but in different proportion, with the largest increase in Spain and Portugal.The table highlights the distinctive aspects of the evolution of US unemployment. The United States has moved from having a consistently higher unemployment rate than the OECD as a whole in the 1950s, 1960s an d 1970s to having a much set out rate in the 1990s and 2000s, but again a higher unemployment in 2011. The United States is the only major OECD economy with a start average unemployment rate in 2000s than in 1980s 4.0 per cent in the 2000s versus 7.2 per cent in 1980s. But the on-going US unemployment rate of 9.1 per cent is the highest experienced since 1980.The composition of US unemployment also differs substantially from many other OECD nations. The United States has much larger month-to-month flows into and out of employment than most of OECD economies and a much lower incidence of unyielding-term unemployment than any advanced OECD economy. long-run unemployment (six months and less than one year) as a percentage of total unemployment in 2011 stood at 12.43 per cent in the United States as compared with 9.8 per cent in Canada, 13.48 per cent in Australia, 18.65 per cent in France, 14.71 in Germany, 15.03 in Italy, 17.68 in Greece and 18.66 in Spain. US unemployment rates for the working-age population are particularly low (and employment/population ratios are particularly high) for young workers (those aged to 15 to 24), women and older workers (those aged 55 to 64). Overall, the US labour market does a relatively good job of moving new entrants and women into employment. European labour market institutions (especially employment protection laws) seem geared to keeping conjoin anthropoids in work, but appear to make it tougher for new entrants to gain stabilise employment.Cyclical versus Structural unemploymentThe analytical discussion of unemployment since Friedman (1968) and Phelps (1968) start with the hypothesis that at any given time, a national economy is characterized by a natural rate of unemployment. Aggregate demand expansions can (at least temporarily) press the economy below this rate of unemployment, but at the cost of accelerating ostentatiousness. Similarly, shocks that bear unemployment above the natural rate lead to decelerati on inflation. As long as the policy-maker avoids explosive inflation or deflation, the economy cannot remain persistently above or below the natural rate of unemployment, but it may fluctuate about it.This hypothesis suggests separating changes in unemployment into alternating(prenominal) fluctuation around the natural rate and structural movement in the natural rate itself.Figure 1 Unemployment in the US, Australia, Europe and OECDFigure 1 illustrates the time patterns of the unemployment rates for the United States, Australia, Europe, and OECD countries from 1970 to 2011. The figure suggests cyclical unemployment fluctuation around a relatively stalls natural rate in the United States until 2008, and a possible upward drift in the natural rate in Europe and Australia. The acceleration in inflation in most European economies in late 1980s, despite much higher unemployment rate than in the 1960s and 1970s, indicates a large rise in natural rate of unemployment. The deceleration o f inflation in the 1990s and early 2000s suggests that some cyclical component has played a role in recent high European unemployment.2 Data and Descriptive statisticsI next look for in a more depth, the extent to which a relatively stable natural rate of unemployment since 1970 or so is consistent with the experience of the flexile US labour market. The data for this analysis are taken from way of Labour Statistics from 1970 to 2012 (monthly data).3 Empirical regularityology and ResultsFor estimating the natural rate of unemployment (un) I am going to use the expectations-augmented (or accelerationist) Phillips Curve (EAPC) in which the rate of growth of scathe inflation (or more generally the difference between current inflation and anticipate inflation) depends on the deviation of the unemployment rate from the natural ratewhere p is the log of the price level, u is the unemployment rate, is a positive coefficient, equals, and is an defect term. Expected inflation is ass umed to equal the lagged inflation rate (). A regression of the change in the inflation rate on the unemployment rate yields estimates of the natural rate of unemployment ( = -. The basic idea behind this equation is that price inflation increases when unemployment is below the natural rate and decreases when it is above.Table 2.1 Price inflation and unemployment in the United States, Europe and OECD countriesUnited StatesEuropeOECD(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)Constant0.3975620.5191190.14205211.8702712.001316.1631988.5684301.9103307.5033195.137325D80-0.3480370.929960D90-0.3553820.950040D00-0.3695120.986341Unemployment rate (u)-0.006995-0.0262070.032498-0.596646-0.9064320.6697812.8359752.9183813.1296602.544017Observations (n)5115115114141Durbin-Watson Statistic0.7983940.8289860.8335140.2336270.304103R20.0061910.0155550.0164570.2007340.142330Notes The US regressions cover 1970 to 2012. The open variable in all regressions is the inflation rate (Dp).The numbers in parenthesis are standard errors. p =100*log(CPI), using the Consumer Price Index for the United States and Europe u is the unemployment rate measured in percentage, D80=1 for the 1980- and 0 otherwise D90=1 for the 1990- and 0 otherwise D00=1 for the 2000- and 0 otherwise.approximation for US unemployment subject protean PMethod Least Squares date stamp 10/04/12 Time 1704 try on (adjusted) 1970M02 2012M08Included observations 511 after adjustmentsVariableCoefficientStd. errort-StatisticProb.C0.3975620.0645066.1631980.0000UNEMP-0.0069950.010444-0.6697810.5033D80-0.3480370.374250-0.9299600.3528D90-0.3553820.374071-0.9500400.3425D00-0.3695120.374629-0.9863410.3244R-square0.006191 miserly dependent var0.353720 adjusted R-squared-0.001665S.D. dependent var0.373392S.E. of regression0.373702Akaike info bill0.879023 sum of money squared residual oil70.66469Schwarz criterion0.920475Log likelihood-219.5904F-statistic0.788056Durbin-Watson stat0.798394Prob(F-statistic)0.533265Estimation for US male unemploymentDependent Var iable PMethod Least Squares fight 10/04/12 Time 1705Sample (adjusted) 1970M02 2012M08Included observations 511 after adjustmentsVariableCoefficientStd. Errort-StatisticProb.C0.5191190.0605858.5684300.0000UNEMPMALE-0.0262070.009241-2.8359750.0048R-squared0.015555Mean dependent var0.353720Adjusted R-squared0.013621S.D. dependent var0.373392S.E. of regression0.370840Akaike info criterion0.857814Sum squared resid69.99885Schwarz criterion0.874395Log likelihood-217.1715F-statistic8.042753Durbin-Watson stat0.828986Prob(F-statistic)0.004751Estimation for US female unemploymentDependent Variable PMethod Least SquaresDate 10/04/12 Time 1707Sample (adjusted) 1970M02 2012M08Included observations 511 after adjustmentsVariableCoefficientStd. Errort-StatisticProb.C0.1420520.0743601.9103300.0567UNEMPFEMALE0.0324980.0111362.9183810.0037R-squared0.016457Mean dependent var0.353720Adjusted R-squared0.014525S.D. dependent var0.373392S.E. of regression0.370670Akaike info criterion0.856897Sum squared resi d69.93471Schwarz criterion0.873478Log likelihood-216.9373F-statistic8.516946Durbin-Watson stat0.833514Prob(F-statistic)0.003674Estimation for Europe unemploymentDependent Variable P2Method Least SquaresDate 10/04/12 Time 1708Sample (adjusted) 1970M02 1973M06Included observations 41 after adjustmentsVariableCoefficientStd. Errort-StatisticProb.C11.870271.5820027.5033190.0000UNEMPEURO-0.5966460.190642-3.1296600.0033R-squared0.200734Mean dependent var7.164938Adjusted R-squared0.180240S.D. dependent var3.481375S.E. of regression3.152057Akaike info criterion5.181538Sum squared resid387.4831Schwarz criterion5.265127Log likelihood-104.2215F-statistic9.794774Durbin-Watson stat0.233627Prob(F-statistic)0.003308Estimation for Europe unemploymentDependent Variable P3Method Least SquaresDate 10/04/12 Time 1709Sample (adjusted) 1970M02 1973M06Included observations 41 after adjustmentsVariableCoefficientStd. Errort-StatisticProb.C12.001312.3361025.1373250.0000UNEMPOECD-0.9064320.356299-2.5440170.0 150R-squared0.142330Mean dependent var6.186970Adjusted R-squared0.120338S.D. dependent var3.301618S.E. of regression3.096597Akaike info criterion5.146035Sum squared resid373.9676Schwarz criterion5.229624Log likelihood-103.4937F-statistic6.472025Durbin-Watson stat0.304103Prob(F-statistic)0.015033ConclusionReferences publicationsRonald G. Ehrenberg, Robert S. Smith Modern Labour Economics. Theory and Public Policy Pearson foreign Edition, 2009, Tenth EditionInternet Sourceshttp//www.tradingeconomics.comhttp//www.indexmundi.com/http//www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/120907/dq120907a-eng.htmEurostat Website http//ec.europa.eu/eurostatI have a puzzle with the regression of this modelI have monthly data. But when I estimate it on Eviews, the results I get are not that expected R-squared is very small (near to zero), the standard errors are all smaller than 1.In order to estimate the model first I have make this P=100*log(CPI), but Im not sure if is right or not.I can send the data af ter if this description is not enough.

Techniques used in Reality TV in Australia :: essays research papers

Untasteful, feral, depraved viewing Euphemism for indubitable voyeurism Is spelling the end of decent, incorrupt society - Slagging out universe TV from a high farming standpoint is as easy as taking candy from a blind, paralysed, limbless baby. humans TV is a significant part of commonplace culture in the current settings of mainstream Australian society. Counting the number of reality television shows on two pass is now a visible impossibility. But what impact is this concept having on society now and into the futurity?The first wave of reality TV shows (such as Survivor, The Weakest Link and tag devour Dog) contend on peoples incarnate anxieties about the new employment culture whereby nothing is secure. The threat of gibbousness and humiliation is what d raw(a)s people to this appearance of programming. This was followed by the lifestyle programs, which were the once outback(a) cousins of verity TV. Natur whollyy no one is entirely satisfied with the office the y live so these programs played on peoples desires to improve their lifestyle and vivacious conditions. The third wave of Reality shows (such as Joe Millionaire, The Bachelor and For Love or Money) plays with peoples fears of falsified bloods are there subterranean reasons behind a supposed loving relationship (such as money)? The main assembling of Reality television is that the viewer experiences raw human emotions like humiliation, falsification and rejection from a removed perspective. The ability to jaw and analyse the happenings of others without being seen takes on a god-like perspective. It invokes the fantasy of having access to all that is hidden.Do the treacherous, backstabbing ideals of reality TV shows such as Survivor, Dog Eat Dog and Big chum salmon actually promote and legitimise their anti-social deportment and ideals in society, or is it tho a frivolous underframe of entertainment, providing an turned on(p) outlet for the typical, stressed various(pren ominal)? You could designate either way.Aristotle noted the enigma that people could be socialise by the sufferings and humiliations of others in art form, and named it catharsis. He described it as a purifying and cleansing of the emotions, and the concept is tranquilize applied in psychology today to bring repressed feelings and fears to the sure mind. So could reality TV actually be a handout for peoples entrenched emotions? Some would argue that reality TV is an ideal supplier of raw human emotion in a realistic form (that is, the emotional relief match with the self-assurance of being safely confused from the trials and tribulations).Techniques used in Reality TV in Australia essays research papersUntasteful, feral, depraved viewing Euphemism for palpable voyeurism Is spelling the end of decent, moral society - Slagging out reality TV from a high culture standpoint is as easy as taking candy from a blind, paralysed, limbless baby. Reality TV is a significant part o f popular culture in the current settings of mainstream Australian society. Counting the number of reality television shows on two hands is now a physical impossibility. But what impact is this concept having on society now and into the future?The first wave of reality TV shows (such as Survivor, The Weakest Link and Dog Eat Dog) played on peoples collective anxieties about the new workplace culture whereby nothing is secure. The threat of expulsion and humiliation is what draws people to this style of programming. This was followed by the lifestyle programs, which were the once removed cousins of Reality TV. Naturally no one is entirely satisfied with the way they live so these programs played on peoples desires to improve their lifestyle and living conditions. The third wave of Reality shows (such as Joe Millionaire, The Bachelor and For Love or Money) plays with peoples fears of falsified relationships are there ulterior reasons behind a supposed loving relationship (such as mone y)? The main appeal of Reality television is that the viewer experiences raw human emotions like humiliation, deceit and rejection from a removed perspective. The ability to inspect and analyse the happenings of others without being seen takes on a god-like perspective. It invokes the fantasy of having access to all that is hidden.Do the treacherous, backstabbing ideals of reality TV shows such as Survivor, Dog Eat Dog and Big Brother actually promote and legitimise their anti-social behaviour and ideals in society, or is it merely a frivolous form of entertainment, providing an emotional outlet for the typical, stressed individual? You could argue either way.Aristotle noted the paradox that people could be entertained by the sufferings and humiliations of others in art form, and named it catharsis. He described it as a purifying and cleansing of the emotions, and the concept is still applied in psychology today to bring repressed feelings and fears to the conscious mind. So could r eality TV actually be a vent for peoples entrenched emotions? Some would argue that reality TV is an ideal provider of raw human emotion in a realistic form (that is, the emotional relief coupled with the self-assurance of being safely separated from the trials and tribulations).

Background of the Catholic Church Essay -- Religion Papers

Background In the Western world, the schism within the Catholic church building has made its most significant impact due to quick changes in social standards. Of greatest importance is the evolution of modern night club and their response to the reverberated traditions of the Catholic Church as well as the evolving Protestant sects. In consequence of increases in technology and science, modern society has redefined its unobjectionable and moral behavioral standards within a social setting, whereas, the Catholic Church stands firm in its doctrines despite social and moral movements in the 20th century. Except for the Second Vatican Council and the Council of Trent, the Roman Catholic Church has not worked to decree its sacred traditions in response to a changing society. As a consequence with this unparalleled development, many young adults and the population in usual has swayed from the devout Catholic worship.1 From my personal experience I have erect it difficult to accept the strict doctrines of the Catholic Church due to a social lifestyle that takes precedent. Secondly, I have appreciation for other(a) religions, oddly Hinduism and sects within Christianity. My attitude does not necessarily correspond with that of the Catholic Church. Specifically, the Catholic Church perceives itself as the only divine route to Heaven. From my perspective, having been born and elevated Catholic, I feel that Catholicism strongly disfavors any exploration of other religions or even tolerance of additional religions. I feel that this intolerance is subtly communicated to worshipers. Even if this intolerance it not communicated, there are not measures taken to inform worshipers about other religious practices. This stance is belike ... ...ery emotional responses such as tears. However, this should not be a dismay because all Catholics are very sensitive to this dramatic difference in celebrating God and it does take time to get use to. Mainly it must b e known that whether Protestant or Catholic we are worshipping to the like God. By taking a step back and analyzing the differences in religious celebration of this mystery, one can realize the true similarities between the too. In this realization Catholics will be able to fully appreciate and locate with Protestant religious ceremonies.References1 Momen, M.The Phenomenon of Religion A Thematic Approach. Oxford 1999, 475.2 DeBruyn, R. Todays Missal April 8-June 9, 2001. operating theatre 2000, 81.3 DeBruyn, R. Todays Missal April 8-June 9, 2001. Oregon 2000, 86.4 St. Paul African Methodist Episcopal Church. Boston 2001, 2.